SKL UN 2011 SMP, SMA dan MA

Untuk mencermati , sekaligus sebagai acuan persiapan materi dalam Ujian Nasional Tahun 2011 yang akan datang , sebaiknya anda miliki SKL yang dipersyaratkan. 

SKL UN 2011 untuk SMP, SMA maupun MA anda dapat download dengan Klik disini.

Jam

Kadang banyak orang yang bangga memakaiku...! bahkan sedikit pamer karenaku....! Tetapi yang sebenarnya banyak Orang yang menyia-nyiakan makna diriku ini... padahal tiada pernah kesempatan datang untuk kali kedua. "Jangan sia-siakan masa mudamu sebelum datang masa tuamu, Jangan sia-siakan kesehatanmu sebelum datang sakitmu, jangan sis-siakan senggangmu sebelum datang kesibukanmu" 

KIR

Baginya susu yang adil lho.....!!!

Ayo anak-anak kita berlatih kerja Ilmiah dengan bikin susu kedelai...... siapa tahu suatu saat nanti akan jadi "Life skill" yang membanggakan.... dan menguntungkan tentunya !!! kata sang pembina yang tidak lain adalah Ibu Siti Prihatin, M.Pd  d  an Bapak Narimo, S.Pd. Peserta KIR pun menyambutnya dengan penuh semangat sekalipun semuanya harus dengan pengorbanan....!

Cintai Seseorang Seujung Kuku

Ada seorang istri memberikan tantangan kepada suaminya untuk hidup tanpa dirinya. Dia minta kepada suaminya untuk tidak ada komunikasi sama sekali di antara mereka selama sehari..:'(Si istri berkata kepada suaminya itu, "Bila kamu bisa melewati itu, aku akan mencintaimu selamanya". Dan... sang suami pun setuju.... Dia tidak sms / telpon istrinya seharian..:'(Tanpa dia ketahui bahwa istrinya hanya memiliki 24 jam untuk hidup, karena dia terkena kanker..)
Keesokan harinya sang suami itu pulang ke rumah. Air matanya pun tiba2 menetes melihat istrinya sudah terbaring dengan surat di tangan yang bertuliskan "Kamu Berhasil Sayang, bisakah kamu lakukan itu setiap hari??"I LOVE YOU.."
Don't Ever lost contact with someone you love, you'll never know what's gonna happen the next day, or the day after that..

Even a single "hi" or a "good morning" Before you know that someone is no longer there....

Jangan Cintai Seseorang Setinggi Langit Karena Langit Bisa Runtuh..

Jangan Cintai Seseorang Sedalam Lautan Karena Lautan Bisa Surut..

Jangan Cintai Seseorang Sebesar Dunia Karena Dunia Bisa Hancur...

Cukup Cintai Seseorang Seujung Kuku,

Walau Kecil, Walau Selalu Dipotong, Ia Akan Selalu Tumbuh....

***
Copy dari BKLDK

Soal Soal Prediksi Semester 1 Th 2010/2011

Untuk menambah kasanah tipe soal  kimia anda dapat download soal - soal dibawah ini
          1. Soal kelas XII IPA  download disini    
          2. Soal  kelas XI IPA download disini
          3. Soal Kelas X  download disini

Semester 1Tapel 2010/2011

Ulangan  Akhir Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2010/2011 akan segera dilaksanakan, akan dimulai Tanggal 6  s.d  17  Desember 2010...! Marilah singsingkan lengan baju... kobarkan semangat belajar... agar tiada sesal di kemudian hari. Tak lupa berdoa... semoga Allah SWT meridoi kita semua....!!!

Khusus Anak SMA N 1 Nogosari

Bagi yang akan mengikuti Remidiasi silahkan  download disini
Bagi yang akan mengikuti Remidiasi silahkan  download disini

SOAL REMIDI MID X

Bagi anda yang akan ikut Remidi MID silakan download soalnya klik disini

HARUS BAGAIMANA??

KUPER  atau  GAUL  sebaiknya BERSAHAJA

Kurang pertemanan
Usaha seadanya
Pengalaman kurang luas
Ebas ibis dalam bersikap
Rendah diri



           Goblog
           Arogan
           Ugal-ugalan
           Lolag - Lolog



Besar harapan.., Usaha.., dan Tawakal
Efisien penggunaan  Waktu , Tenaga  dan Harta
Rendah hati dalam bersikap
Santun dalam berkata
Amanah jika dipercaya
Heroik dalam bekerja
Asyik dalam berteman 
Jarang membuat kecewa orang
Ahli Surga cita-citanya

Pengumuman Hasil PLPG

Setelah Tiga bulan berlalu selesailah Panitia Pelaksana PLPG Rayon 13 UNS Surakarta menganalisis seluruh hasil pekerjaan peserta PLPG dengan ditandai diluncurkannya Pengumuman Kelulusan oleh Panitia. Tepatnya Senin 4 Oktober  2010 Pengumuman itu dapat diakses baik lewat kantor Diknas Kabupaten, Internet maupun HP yang bernomor dibawah naungan TELKOMSEL. Beragam peserta mensikapi Hasil tersebut;

       1. Peserta Sertifikasi yang tidak terpanggil PLPG telah terjawab..."Ternyata aku lulus Portofolio"

       2. "Alhamdulillah..... satu langkah terlampoi !!" kata peserta PLPG yang dinyatakan Lulus.

       3. "Dengan pengalaman kemarin, aku pasti akan lebih baik..!! kata peserta yang tertunda kelulusannya.

       4.  "......waoo.......wwww" kata yang tidak jelas!!!

Alhamdulillah...., itu kataku setelah aku mengetahui hasil pengumuman PLPG lewat Internet.

Hasil Penilaian PLPG Kuota 2010 Top of Form Masukan Kode Peserta Atau Nama Peserta   Bottom of Form Tips Pencarian : 1. Isikan nama peserta tanpa gelar 2. Cukup dibutuhkan minimal 5 karakter saja dari nama anda Contoh : Endang Tri Mulyani , cukup input data dengan kata 'Endang' atau 'Mulyani' Kode Nama Instansi Status Keterangan  10030918711019  Narimo  SMA N 1 NOGOSARI  Lulus  10032309710548  Narimohadi  SMP Masehi Parakan  Mengulang Ujian Tulis  (pedagogi) Anda dapat juga melihat status kelulusan dengan mengirimkan sms FKIPUNS PLPG STATUS NOMER PESERTA Kirim ke 7263 khusus pengguna Telkomsel Contoh SMS : FKIPUNS PLPG STATUS 10036110012345

Developed by ICT Center FKIP UNS © 2010

TOT Guru Pemandu Kimia In 2

TOT  In Service 2 Guru Pemandu tahun 2010 mata pelajaran Kimia, Fisika dan Biologi LPMP Provinsi Jawa Tengan dilaksanakan  tanggal 28 September 2010 s.d 1 Oktober 2010. Kegiatan dilaksanakandi LPMP Provinsi Jawa Tengah.

DAFTAR PESERTA TOT GURU PEMANDU TAHUN 2010
MATA PELAJARAN KIMIA
LPMP PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

No ;  Nama ; e-mail ;  Telp ; Kab ; Sek
1 Fatimah Farchana ;  fsslovers@ymail.com ;081329265065 Surakarta SMA Islam Diponegoro
2 Ispriyanto ; ispri-ya@yahoo.co.id ; 081225969526 Surakarta SMA Batik 2 Surakarta
3 Setiyaningsih ; setyaningsihw@gmail.com ; (0271)7908218 Surakarta SMA N 1 Surakarta
4 Ani Sri W ; naila-billa@ymail.com ; 085640536787 Batang SMA 1 Bawang
5 Dhakhiroh ; -  ;08122890504 Batang SMA 1 Batang
6 Lilik Retno - ; 081326001021 Batang SMA 1 Bawang
7 Aris Haryono ; pakarisq3a@gmail.com ; 081325564997 Blora SMA 1 Cepu
8 Dwi Susilo ; septyamiral@gmail.com ;  0818244287 Blora SMA 1 Jepon
9 Siti Wartini ; siti.wartini@gmail.com 085855985853 Blora SMA 2 Cepu
10 Arifin Tri Sanyoto ; arifinmst@yahoo.co.id - Boyolali SMA N 3 Boyolali
11 Narimo ; narimo69@yahoo.co.id 08112635285 Boyolali SMA N1 Nogosari
12 Nur Wantini ; wantininur@yahoo.co.id 085293347876 Boyolali SMA N 1 Andong
13 Hartini ; hartsuprayitno@yahoo.co.id 085227396743 Cilacap SMA 1 Bantarsari
14 Susri Alfuadi ; susri.alfuadi@gmail.com 08161331958 Cilacap SMA 1 Majenang
15 Teguh Duwi Jadmiko ; - ; 081903497305 Cilacap SMA 1 Jeruklegi
16 Mahmud Hilmi ; mahmudhilmi25@yahoo.co.id 085726844312 Kudus SMA 1 Kudus
17 Sri Rejeki ; s-rejeki28@yahoo.co.id 081325012063 Kudus SMA 1 Bae Kudus
18 zusi Runiati  ;runiati1975@yahoo.co.id 08122523146 Kudus SMA Muh Kudus
19 Lili Sofiana ; lillysofiana@yahoo.co.id 081339206139 Magelang SMA 1 Mertoyudan
20 Markun ; kun-kimia@yahoo.co.id 08121551287 Magelang SMA N 1 Muntilan
21 Suradi ; - 081328554135 Magelang SMA N 1 Candi Mulyo
22 Muh Khudori ; khudori@yahoo.co.id 081328833756 Purworejo SMA 9 Purworejo
23 Niken Wahyuni ; nikenwahyuni1908@gmail.com 085228163639 Purworejo SMA N 1 Purworejo
24 Waluya Y P ;  - ; 087328863111 Purworejo SMA Bruderan
25 Harwandi ; tyarupalla@yahoo.com 0816681203 Temanggung SMA 1 Parakan
26 Nur Wasilah ; - 085643892789 Temanggung SMA N 3 Temanggung
27 Sri Wahyuni ; yunn.why@gmail.com 085228210912 Temanggung SMA Bhakti Karya Kaloran
28 Anastasia Sri Utami ; utamisuparjo@ymail.com 081548841841 Tkota Tegal SMA 1 Pius
29 Esti Wihanani ; - 081391913409 Tkota Tegal SMA N 4 Kota Tegal
30 Lucia Sri supriyanti ;- 081548018632 Tkota Tegal SMA N 4 Kota Tegal

Generasiku

 

UVO..... Si pesawat luar angkasa yang ada dalam bayangan ...gambaran....angan-angan serta pikiran anakku itu.  Kapan aku bisa berangkat ke Mars gumam dalam benaknya yang penuh tannya??? dalam hatiku  aku berdoa....semoga kehadiranmu membawa Barokah Allah SWT untuk kebaikan Umat didunia....!!!Rido yang kuasa bersamamu anakku....!!!

soal semester 2

soal semester 2 kelas X tahun pelajaran 2008/2009, selengkapnya dapat download disini

Puasa Ramadhan 1431 H

"Hai orang-orang yang beriman, diwajibkan atas kamu berpuasa sebagaimana diwajibkan atas orang-orang sebelum kamu agar kamu bertakwa",inilah perintah Allah SWT dalam  al-Qur'an surat Al Baqoroh ayat 183.

Jadwal Imsakiyah 1431 H

Masjidil Agsha


Inilah jadwal puasa Ramadhan 1431 H / 2010 untuk Surakarta, Karanganyar, Boyolali, Sukoharjo dan sekitarnya. Semoga jadwal ini bermanfaat khususnya yang tinggal di wilayah Surakarta, Karanganyar, Boyolali, Sukoharjo dan sekitarnya. Semoga kita semua diberi kesehatan dan kesempatan oleh Allah SWT untuk menunaikan Ibadah Puasa tahun 1431 H / 2010 Masehi ini sampai tuntas.
Ibadah puasa Ramadhan 2010 ini akan dimuali pada Rabu 11 Agustus 2010. Penentuan awal puasa ini berdasarkan kesepakatan berbagai organisasi Islam di Indonesia. Semoga penentuan hari raya Idul Fitri 1431 H atau Lebaran 2010 nanti juga bisa serentak. Secara lengkap dapat download disini

PLPG Tahap 3 Tahun 2010 Mapel Kimia

Ini hanya salah satu sudut kegiatan PLPG Tahap 3 Tahun 2010  untuk mapel Kimia yang diselenggarakan oleh Rayon 13 UNS di akhir bulan juni 2010. Peserta sebanyak 30 orang Guru SMA dan SMK dari Kab. Boyolali, Sragen, Karang anyar, Blora, Purbalingga, Banjar negara dan Kota Surakarta.

Instruktur Yang memang Pakar dibidangya masing-masing bigitu bersemangat mendongkrak bahkan membuka keprofesionalan para guru yang masuk karantina PLPG. Waktu yang diprogramkan 90 jam itu sejak awal memang sudah dijanjikan untuk dilaksanakan secara ISTIQOMAH, benar memang serasa tiada detik yang terlewatkan dari kegiatan.  Diberi......dilatih..... dan di uji dalam semua aspek sosok seorang guru yang diharapkan PROFESIONAL dibidangnya. Terima ksih Guruku.......terima kasih...... semuanya, Semoga Allah Tuhan Yang Maha berkehendak membalas dengan yang lebih baik. Tak lupa maafkan kami jika masih ada yang tak berkenan. Ku kan coba ujudkan program yang telah dirintis......!!! daftar peserta download disinii...

Chemistry Teacher

Siapa bilang pelajaran kimia itu sulit....? siapa bilang pelajaran kimia itu tak asik..? siapa bilang belajar kimia tak berguna...? Kunci  dari jawaban atas pertanyaan - pertanyaan itu adalah  rasa ingin tahu  , kesabaran dan ketidak sombongan pada diri orang itu. Banyak orang awam bicara kimia..... maka gambaran mengerikan yang dikepalanya. Orang sombong bicara kimia  maka kemunafikan yang ia katakan.  Belajar kimia berarti belajar sebagian isi kehidupan... kimia tidak akan pernah bisa dibuang dari kehidupan....... Semakin kita tahu dan faham  pengertian dan makna kimia Insyaallah akan semakin hati-hati membawa diri.Contoh kecil persiapan pembelajaran kimia unuk kelas X klik disini

Modul Kimia klas X.

1. Kalian sudah tahu kan, unsur – unsur yang tercantum dalam tabel periodik ada 100an. Bagaimana unsur – unsur tersebut dapat membentuk jutaan senyawa dan bahkan benda yang tak terhitung jenisnya?

Ya, seperti kata – kata dalam buku ini yang jumlahnya ribuan dan membentuk begitu banyak kalimat, hanya terbentuk dari 26 huruf. Demikian juga benda - benda yang ada di bumi tersusun dari hanya sedikit unsur yang kalian kenal. Unsur – unsur ini saling bergabung membentuk senyawa, kumpulan senyawa dan akhirnya benda – benda seperti kertas, gajah dan kalian sendiri.

Mengapa benda – benda ini begitu berbeda? Mengapa belerang sangat rapuh dan tidak dapat ditempa seperti besi? Mengapa lilin meleleh jika dibakar, sedangkan kertas atau kayu tidak? Mengapa air dapat membeku menjadi es? Mengapa kita menggunakan grafit untuk pensil, bukan arang atau intan padahal ketiganya sama – sama karbon?

Sama seperti, setiap kata dan kalimat yang memberi arti berbeda tergantung pada bagaimana kalian merangkainya, sifat – sifat benda atau senyawa juga tergantung pada unsur dan bagaimana cara unsur itu bergabung. Dalam bab ini kita akan mempelajari mengapa dan bagaimana setiap unsur bergabung membentuk senyawa. 
Untuk membaca lengkap bahan ajar kimia "Ikatan Kimia" dapat Klik disini

2. Saat Kalian melihat batuan yang tidak biasa, cangkang hewan laut yang bagus, kristal salju, daun yang memerah, karat, plastisin, kuku, rambut, bahkan juga kertas, kapas, sirup, nata de coco, atau compact disk (CD) dan baterei isi ulang, Kalian mungkin pernah bertanya terbuat dari apakah benda – benda ini.

Tahukah Kalian pertanyaan itu telah menggelitik manusia sejak lama. Sejak dulu orang telah bertanya, menduga, dan memperkirakan apa yang menyusun benda – benda di sekitarnya, dan juga tubuhnya sendiri.

Bangsa Yunani kuno percaya bahwa segala sesuatu tersusun atas empat unsur dasar, yaitu air, udara, tanah, dan api. Sifat setiap benda tergantung bagaimana komposisi unsur – unsur ini disusun.

Pada abad ke – 17, seorang ilmuwan Inggris, Robert Boyle, mengemukakan bahwa setiap unsur tersusun atas partikel yang sederhana, dan tidak tersusun atas unsur yang lain. Pernyataan inilah yang mendasari berkembangnya konsep atom, penyusun unsur, hingga sekarang. Kita akan mempelajari bagaimana konsep atom berkembang dari yang paling sederhana hingga konsep yang kita terima sekarang dalam bab ini.

Untuk membaca lengkap bahan ajar Kimia "Struktur atom dan SPU" dapat klik disini   

Herbal

HERBAL

TEH MAHKOTA DEWA Komposisi : 1.Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Papuana Fructus) 70 % 2.Daun Teh Hijau (Camallia Sinensis Folium) 20 % 3.Benalu Teh (Scumula Atropurpurea Folium) 10 % Insya Allah Bermanfaat mengobati dan mencegah Penyakit : Demam berdarah, Kanker, Liver, Darah Tinggi, Stroke, Jantung, Kencing Manis, Ginjal/Cuci darah, Kegemukan, Batuk, Sesak Napas, Jerawat (Menghaluskan Kulit), Keputihan, Haid Tidak Lancar, Rheumatik, Ambeien, Amandel, Lemah Syahwat, Asam Urat Untuk Segala Umur Perhatian : Wanita Hamil Muda Dilarang Minum Produksi Salama Nusantara Samigaluh, Kulon Progo Yogyakarta Export Quality Mendapatkan Izin Resmi : SK MENKES RI No. 448/3025/IV.2 IZIN EDAR BALAI POM, TR No. 053151771 LOLOS UJI LAB. BALAI POM Tahun 2005 Diawasi oleh Apoteker Alumnus UGM Yogyakarta Sertifikasi Halal MUI No 121 300000 80306 Berat Bersih 130 grams Harga Katalog/Eceran Rp. 25.000,- Harga Hemat Rp. 20.000,- (Min 4 pcs/Hemat 20%) Harga Grosir Rp. 17.000,- (Min 35 pcs/Hemat 30%)

Renungan Hati Seorang Guru

Ditengah kesibukanku sebagai seorang Guru aku akan selalu berusaha meningkatkan kemampuan dan profesionalitas seorang Guru.  Ya.... seorang guru yang senantiasa mampu menjawab  dan sekaligus melayani kebutuhan semua umat.  Aku akan selalu ingat ketika Ustad dalam Ta'lim memfatwakan  "Sebaik-baik orang  adalah orang yang semakin banyak mendatangkan manfaat bagi orang lain". Kadang aku merenung sudahkah ada  umat yang merasa mendapat manfaat atas kehadiranku ditengah-tengah mereka...???!!. Marilah saudara-saudaraku kita berlomba beramar ma'ruf nahi munkar... Allah kan Selalu bersama kita, amiin!!!

Biogas

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"Swamp gas" redirects here. For the obsolete theory of emanations from swamps causing disease, see Miasma theory of disease.

This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (March 2009)

Pipes carrying biogas (foreground), natural gas and condensate

Main articles: Natural gas and biofuel

Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel.
One type of biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material and energy crops.^[1] This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and carbon dioxide. The other principal type of biogas is wood gas which is created by gasification of wood or other biomass. This type of biogas is comprised primarily of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, with trace amounts of methane.
The gases methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. Air contains 21% oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel in any country for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in modern waste management facilities where it can be used to run any type of heat engine, to generate either mechanical or electrical power. Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles and in the UK for example is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.^[2] Biogas is a renewable fuel, so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world.

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Production 3 Composition 4 Applications 5 Scope and potential quantities 6 In developing nations 6.1 Rural Dung Sui Gas (Pakistan)/Deenabandhu Model (India) 7 Legislation 8 Biogas upgrading 9 Biogas gas-grid injection 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

[edit] History

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010)

Ancient Persians observed that rotting vegetables produce flammable gas. In 1859 Indians built the first sewage plant in Bombay. Marco Polo has mentioned the use of covered sewage tanks in China. This is believed to go back to 2,000–3,000 years ago in ancient China.^{[citation needed]} This idea for the manufacturing of gas was brought to the UK in 1895 by producing wood gas from wood and later coal. The resulting biogas was used for gas lighting in street lamps and homes.

[edit] Production

Main article: anaerobic digestion

Biogas is practically produced as landfill gas (LFG) or digester gas.
A biogas plant is the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or energy crops.
Biogas can be produced utilizing anaerobic digesters. These plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize silage or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste. During the process, an air-tight tank transforms biomass waste into methane producing renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity, and many other operations that use any variation of an internal combustion engine, such as GE Jenbacher gas engines.^[3] There are two key processes: Mesophilic and Thermophilic digestion.^[4]
Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decomposing under anaerobic conditions in a landfill.^[5][6] The waste is covered and mechanically compressed by the weight of the material that is deposited from above. This material prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing anaerobic microbes to thrive. This gas builds up and is slowly released into the atmosphere if the landfill site has not been engineered to capture the gas. Landfill gas is hazardous for three key reasons. Landfill gas becomes explosive when it escapes from the landfill and mixes with oxygen. The lower explosive limit is 5% methane and the upper explosive limit is 15% methane.^[7] The methane contained within biogas is 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Therefore uncontained landfill gas which escapes into the atmosphere may significantly contribute to the effects of global warming. In addition landfill gas' impact in global warming, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained within landfill gas contribute to the formation of photochemical smog.

[edit] Composition

Typical composition of biogas^[8]

Compound	Chem	%
Methane	CH4	50–75
Carbon dioxide	CO2	25–50
Nitrogen	N2	0–10
Hydrogen	H2	0–1
Hydrogen sulfide	H2S	0–3
Oxygen	O2	0–2

The composition of biogas varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion process. Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55–75% CH₄ ^[9] or higher using in situ purification techniques^[10] As-produced, biogas also contains water vapor, with the fractional water vapor volume a function of biogas temperature; correction of measured volume for water vapor content and thermal expansion is easily done via algorithm.^[11]
In some cases biogas contains siloxanes. These siloxanes are formed from the anaerobic decomposition of materials commonly found in soaps and detergents. During combustion of biogas containing siloxanes, silicon is released and can combine with free oxygen or various other elements in the combustion gas. Deposits are formed containing mostly silica (SiO₂) or silicates (Si_xO_y) and can also contain calcium, sulfur, zinc, phosphorus. Such white mineral deposits accumulate to a surface thickness of several millimeters and must be removed by chemical or mechanical means.
Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes and other biogas contaminants are currently available.^[12]

[edit] Applications

Biogas can be utilized for electricity production on sewage works,^[13] in a CHP gas engine, where the waste heat from the engine is conveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; space heating; water heating; and process heating. If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much more effective displacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site CHP plants.^[2]
Methane within biogas can be concentrated via a biogas upgrader to the same standards as fossil natural gas, and becomes biomethane. If the local gas network allows for this, the producer of the biogas may utilize the local gas distribution networks. Gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality, and must be of the correct composition for the local distribution network to accept. Carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide and particulates must be removed if present. If concentrated and compressed it can also be used in vehicle transportation. Compressed biogas is becoming widely used in Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany. A biogas-powered train has been in service in Sweden since 2005.^[14][15]
Biogas has also powered automobiles. In 1974, a British documentary film entitled Sweet as a Nut detailed the biogas production process from pig manure, and how the biogas fueled a custom-adapted combustion engine.^[16][17]

[edit] Scope and potential quantities

In the UK, sewage gas electricity production is tiny compared to overall power consumption - a mere 80 MW of generation, compared to 70 GW on the grid. Estimates vary but could be a considerable fraction from digestion of.^{[18][clarification needed]}
In the United States, in 2003, consumed 147 trillion btu of energy from "landfill gas", about 0.6% of total U.S. natural gas consumption.^[19] Methane biogas derived from cow manure is also being tested in the U.S. According to a 2008 study, collected by the Science and Children magazine, methane biogas from cow manure, also known as cow power, would be sufficient to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours enough to power millions of homes across America. Furthermore, methane biogas has been tested to prove that it can reduce 99 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions or about 4% of the greenhouse gases produced by the United States.^[20]
In 2007 an estimated 12,000 vehicles were being fueled with upgraded biogas worldwide, mostly in Europe.^[19]

[edit] In developing nations

Domestic biogas plants convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry, the fermented manure. This technology is feasible for small holders with livestock producing 50 Kg manure per day, an equivalent of about 6 pigs or 3 cows. This manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant. Toilets can be connected. Another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process. With an optimum at 36 C° the technology especially applies for those living in a (sub) tropical climate. This makes the technology for small holders in developing countries often suitable.

Simple sketch of household biogas plant

Depending on size and location, a typical brick made fixed dome biogas plant can be installed at the yard of a rural household with the investment between 300 to 500 US $ in Asian countries and up to 1400 US $ in the African context. A high quality biogas plant needs minimum maintenance costs and can produce gas for at least 15–20 years without major problems and re-investments. For the user, biogas provides clean cooking energy, reduces indoor air pollution and reduces the time needed for traditional biomass collection, especially for women and children. The slurry is a clean organic fertilizer that potentially increases agricultural productivity.
Domestic biogas technology is a proven and established technology in many parts of the world, especially Asia.^[21] Several countries in this region have embarked on large-scale programmes on domestic biogas, such as China^[22] and India. The Netherlands Development Organisation, SNV,^[23] supports national programmes on domestic biogas that aim to establish commercial-viable domestic biogas sectors in which local companies market, install and service biogas plants for households. In Asia, SNV is working in Nepal,^[24] Vietnam,^[25] Bangladesh,^[26] Cambodia,^[27] Lao PDR,^[28] Pakistan^[29] and Indonesia,^[30] and in Africa in Rwanda,^[31] Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia,^[32] Tanzania,^[33] Uganda and Kenya.

[edit] Rural Dung Sui Gas (Pakistan)/Deenabandhu Model (India)

In Pakistan and India biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of manure in small-scale digestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is estimated that such facilities exist in over two million households in India and in hundreds of thousands in Pakistan, particularly North Punjab, due to the thriving population of lifestock . The digester is an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed to the pit, usually directly from the cattle shed. The pit is then filled with a required quantity of wastewater. The gas pipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves. The combustion of this biogas has very little odour or smoke. Owing to simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in villages, it is one of the most environmentally sound energy sources for rural needs. One type of these system is the Sintex Digester. Some designs use vermiculture to further enhance the slurry produced by the biogas plant for use as compost.^[34]
The Deenabandhu Model is a new biogas-production model popular in India. (Deenabandhu means "friend of the helpless.") The unit usually has a capacity of 2 to 3 cubic metres. It is constructed using bricks or by a ferrocement mixture. The brick model costs approximately 18,000 rupees and the ferrocment model 14,000 rupees, however India's Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources offers a subsidy of up to 3,500 rupees per model constructed.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Legislation

The European Union presently has some of the strictest legislation regarding waste management and landfill sites called the Landfill Directive.^{[citation needed]} The United States legislates against landfill gas as it contains VOCs. The United States Clean Air Act and Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) requires landfill owners to estimate the quantity of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted. If the estimated NMOC emissions exceeds 50 tonnes per year the landfill owner is required to collect the landfill gas and treat it to remove the entrained NMOCs. Treatment of the landfill gas is usually by combustion. Because of the remoteness of landfill sites it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from the gas. However, countries such as the United Kingdom and Germany now has legislation in force that provide farmers with long term revenue and energy security.^[35][36]

[edit] Biogas upgrading

Raw biogas produced from digestion is roughly 60% methane and 29% CO₂ with trace elements of H₂S, and is not high quality enough if the owner was planning on selling this gas or using it as fuel gas for machinery. The corrosive nature of H₂S alone is enough to destroy the internals of expensive plant. The solution is the use of a biogas upgrading or purification process whereby contaminants in the raw biogas stream are adsorbed or scrubbed, leaving 98% methane per unit volume of gas. There are four main methods of biogas upgrading, these include water washing, pressure swing adsorption, selexol adsorption and chemical treatment.^[37] The most prevalent method is water washing where high pressure gas flows into a column where the carbon dioxide and other trace elements are scrubbed by cascading water running counter-flow to the gas. This arrangement can deliver 98% methane with manufacturers guaranteeing maximum 2% methane loss in the system. It takes roughly between 3-6% of the total energy output in gas to run a biogas upgrading system.

[edit] Biogas gas-grid injection

Gas-grid injection is the injection of biogas into the methane grid (natural gas grid). Injections includes biogas:^[38] until the breakthrough of micro combined heat and power two-thirds of all the energy produced by biogas power plants was lost (the heat), using the grid to transport the gas to customers, the electricity and the heat can be used for on-site generation ^[39] resulting in a reduction of losses in the transportation of energy as typical energy losses in natural gas transmission systems range from 1–2% the current energy losses on a large electrical system range from 5–8%^[40].

Pendaftaran Peserta Didik Baru SMA N 1 Nogosari

    

Berdasarkan Keputusan Bersama Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Pemuda dan Olahraga Kab. Boyolali Nomor: 028/2273/12  dan Kepala Kantor Kementerian Agama Kabupaten Boyolali Nomor: Kd.11.09/4/PP.01/1837/2010 tentang Pedoman Penerimaan Peserta Didik pada TK/RA, SD/SDLB/MI, SMP/SMPLB/MTs, SMA/SMALB/MA, SMK Tahun Pelajaran 2010/2011 tanggal 17 Mei 2010, maka Kepala Sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Nogosari Kabupaten Boyolali mengumumkan kepada orang Tua /Wali peserta didik lulusan SMP/MTs atau yang sederajat serta masyarakat tentang Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru Tahun Pelajaran 2010/2011 dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :

WAKTU DAN TEMPAT PENDAFTARAN :

Hari/Tanggal               : Rabu  s.d Jum’at, 30 Juni s.d. 2 Juli 2010

Waktu Pendaftaran     : Pukul  08.00 – 12.00 WIB

Pendaftaran ditutup     : Jum’at ,Tanggal , 30 Juni s.d 2 Juli 2010 pukul : 10.00 WIB

Tempat Pendaftaran    : SMA Negeri 1 Nogosari

Biofuel

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Information on pump regarding ethanol fuel blend up to 10%, California.

Bus run by biodiesel.

Renewable energy
Biofuel Biomass Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar energy Tidal power Wave power Wind power
v • d • e

Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.^[1] Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, and concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil.

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.

Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008. Investment into biofuels production capacity exceeded $4 billion worldwide in 2007 and is growing.^[2]